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Fairlawn is a working class and middle class residential neighborhood located in southeast Washington, D.C. It is bounded by Interstate 295, Pennsylvania Avenue SE, Minnesota Avenue SE (between Pennsylvania Avenue SE and Naylor Road SE), Naylor Road SE (between Minnesota Avenue SE Good Hope Road SE), and Good Hope Road SE. Fairlawn is located at (38.8709456, -76.9788641), at an elevation of 26 feet (8 metres). ==History== The Nacotchtank Native Americans were the first settlers to inhabit the area now known as Fairlawn, living and fishing along the nearby Anacostia River.〔Humphrey, Robert L. and Chambers, Mary Elizabeth. "Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley." ''G.W. Studies.'' 1977.〕 Captain John Smith was the first European to visit the region in A.D. 1612, naming the river the "Nacotchtank".〔Rountree, Helen C.; Clark, Wayne E.; and Mountford, Kent. ''John Smith's Chesapeake Voyages, 1607–1609.'' Charlotte, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8139-2644-0〕〔(Burr, Charles R. "A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin, and Progress." ) ''Records of the Columbia Historical Society.'' 1920.〕〔There is some evidence that Smith was not the first European to visit the area. A Spanish vessel may have brought European explorers to the Anacostia River around 1550 C.E. See: Bryan, ''A History of the National Capital...,'' 1914, p. 47.〕 War and disease decimated the Nacochtank, and during the last 25 years of the 17th century the tribe ceased to exist as a functional unit and its few remaining members merged with other local Piscataway Indian tribes.〔〔Williams, Brett. "A River Runs Through Us." ''American Anthropologist.'' 103:2 (June 2001).〕〔Cantwell, Thomas J. "Anacostia: Strength in Adversity." ''Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.'' 1973/1974.〕 European settlement in Southeast Washington first occurred in 1662 at Blue Plains (now the site of the city's sewage treatment plant just to the west of the modern neighborhood of Bellevue), and at St. Elizabeth (now the site of St. Elizabeths Hospital psychiatric hospital) and Giesborough (now called Barry Farm) in 1663.〔Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart. ''A History of the National Capital from Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act.'' New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914.〕 In 1663, Lord Baltimore granted ownership of the majority of the area on the south bank of the Anacostia River to George Thompson.〔 The area became part of the District of Columbia in 1791. Congress passed the Residence Act of 1790 to establish a federally owned district in which would be built the new national capital, and George Washington picked the current site in 1791 (a choice ratified by Congress later that year).〔(Crew, Harvey W.; Webb, William Bensing; and Wooldridge, John. ''Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C.'' ) Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House, 1892.〕 William Marbury, a wealthy Georgetown merchant who later was a party in the landmark ''Marbury v. Madison'' Supreme Court case, purchased much of the "Chichester tract" some time in the late 18th or early 19th century.〔 The growth of the Washington Navy Yard created the need to provide housing for the many new employees working at the facility, but little land was available for new construction in the area and housing prices were high. Consequently, in 1818, the privately owned "Upper Navy Yard Bridge" was built over the Anacostia River at 11th Street SE.〔〔(Croggon, James. "Old 'Burnt Bridge'." ) ''Evening Star.'' July 7, 1907.〕 A toll bridge, this bridge was designed to permit easy access to Anacostia so that housing could be constructed on the eastern shore of the Anacostia River.〔 A road was built from the bridge to the town of Upper Marlboro, Maryland, and named Upper Marlborough Road (called Good Hope Road SE today), while another road ran roughly parallel to the river and was named Piscataway Road (then in the late 19th century "Asylum Road" and in the 20th Century "Nichols Avenue") and is now Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE).〔Senkevitch, Anatole. ''Old Anacostia, Washington, D.C.: A Study of Community Preservation Resources.'' School of Architecture, University of Maryland. 1975.〕 In the late 1820s or early 1830s, Marbury sold his land to Enoch Tucker, a farmer who rented out part of the land to tenant farmers and built his home near the intersection of Upper Marlborough Road and Piscataway Road.〔 Developers John Dobler, John Fox, and John W. Van Hook purchased the 240-acre (97.2 hectare) area immediately southwest of Fairlawn from Enoch Tucker on June 5, 1854, for $19,000 and immediately subdivided the property into lots for houses.〔〔〔〔"A New Historic District." ''Washington Post.'' March 5, 1978.〕〔("Anacostia Historic District - National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form." National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. October 10, 1978. )〕〔Gillette, Howard. ''Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington.'' Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8122-1958-9〕 Naming the area Uniontown (it is the neighborhood of Anacostia today), the development became Washington's first "suburban" community.〔〔〔〔Evelyn, Douglas E.; Dickson, Paul; and Ackerman, S.J. ''On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C.'' 3rd rev. ed. Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2008. ISBN 1-933102-70-5〕〔Thompson, John and Nowitz, Richard. ''National Geographic Traveler Washington.'' 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Books, 2008. ISBN 1-4262-0225-3〕 Van Hook (the lead developer) renamed streets in the area after former presidents: Upper Marlborough Road was now called "Harrison Street," and Piscataway Road now known as "Monroe Street".〔 Dr. Arthur Christie, a wealthy Englishman, purchased 50 acres (20.25 hectares) of land on the north side of Harrison Street (now the lower portion of Good Hope Road SE) and named his estate Fairlawn.〔 The Fairlawn neighborhood derives its name from Christie's estate. Fairlawn remained largely undeveloped farm and woodland until 1940. Uniontown/Anacostia, Barry Farm, Congress Heights, and Randle Highlands were the focus of most housing and retail development. Even these communities remained isolated from one another, and most of the land between them was forest until World War II.〔Benedetto, Robert; Donovan, Jane; and Du Vall, Kathleen. ''Historical Dictionary of Washington.'' New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. ISBN 0-8108-4094-4〕 The oppressive need for housing during the war, brought about by a massive influx of federal workers to the capital, led to extensive building of homes in Fairlawn and the linking of the neighborhood with other parts of southeast D.C.〔 The southern part of the Washington Metro's Green Line was originally designed to pass over the 11th Street Bridges to the intersection of Good Hope Road SE and Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE.〔Sisler, Peter F. "Decades of Frustrating Debate Kept Green Line Sidetracked." ''Washington Times.'' December 27, 1991.〕〔Burgess, John. "Metro to Halt Start of Leg To Rosecroft." ''Washington Post.'' March 18, 1982.〕〔Feaver, Douglas. "Metro Choices Detailed." ''Washington Post.'' October 18, 1977.〕〔Vesey, Tom. "Green Line War Heats Up Again." ''Washington Post.'' June 23, 1982.〕 The site of the Anacostia Metro station at this intersection led to concerns that the Metro station would destroy the character of historic Anacostia and Fairlawn, and after pressure from the federal government Metro moved the site of the station to its current location on Howard Road SE.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fairlawn (Washington, D.C.)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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